Bladder stones, or uroliths, are solid mineral deposits that form in a dog’s bladder, often causing discomfort and potential health complications.

While the thought of bladder stones may seem daunting, it’s important to know that surgery isn’t always the only solution ... instead, there are alternative treatments available.

In today's note I'll walk you through all things bladder stones in dogs ... including their causes, symptoms, and treatment options. I'll also explore less invasive and natural remedie

What Are Bladder Stones?

Bladder stones are hard, mineralized clumps that develop in the bladder due to an accumulation of excess minerals in the urine.

These stones start as tiny crystals that can irritate the bladder lining, leading to the production of mucus. Over time, the mucus and crystals bond together, hardening into stones that can disrupt the normal functioning of the urinary tract.

Although bladder stones are most commonly found in the bladder, they can form in other parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, and urethra. Among these locations, the bladder is the most frequent site due to its role as a reservoir for urine where mineral concentrations can increase.

What Causes Bladder Stones In Dogs?

Bladder stones often result from urinary tract infections (UTIs), which can alter the pH of the urine and promote crystal formation. Additionally, an imbalanced pH, either too acidic or too alkaline, can contribute to the development of specific types of stones. Genetics also play a role, as certain breeds are predisposed to bladder stones. Chronic bladder inflammation is another common trigger that creates an environment conducive to stone formation.

A dog’s diet significantly influences the likelihood of developing bladder stones. Foods high in certain minerals, such as magnesium or phosphorus, can encourage crystal formation in the urine. Environmental toxins, like cadmium from cigarette smoke, can also increase the risk, making it crucial for dog owners to minimize exposure to harmful substances.

Types Of Bladder Stones

There are a few different kinds of bladder stones to be aware of. Here are the most common ones and what causes them:

Struvite Stones

Struvite stones are among the most common types of bladder stones in dogs, forming due to an excess of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate in the urine. These stones often develop in response to urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus or Proteus.

These infections can increase the urine’s pH, creating an alkaline environment where struvite crystals thrive. Struvite stones are more commonly found in female dogs due to their higher susceptibility to UTIs.

Calcium Oxalate Stones

Calcium oxalate stones form in acidic urine and are caused by an overabundance of calcium in the bloodstream or improper calcium metabolism. Factors such as genetics, diet, and kidney function can contribute to this condition.

Unlike struvite stones, calcium oxalate stones are more prevalent in male dogs and often require surgical removal, as they are less likely to dissolve with dietary changes.

Less Common Stones

Other types of bladder stones include:

• Urate Stones: Found most often in Dalmatians due to their genetic inability to process purines, as well as in dogs with liver shunts.
• Cystine Stones: These form in acidic urine and are often linked to genetic conditions, particularly in Newfoundlands and Dachshunds.
• Silica Stones: Rare and typically associated with certain breeds like German Shepherds, these stones form in dogs consuming diets high in silica or plant-based ingredients.

Symptoms Of Bladder Stones In Dogs

Dogs with bladder stones may exhibit a variety of symptoms, including difficulty urinating, straining during urination, or frequent attempts to urinate with little success. Other signs include blood in the urine, incontinence, and noticeable discomfort or pain in the abdomen.

In some cases, your dog might show lethargy, reduced appetite, or excessive licking of the urinary opening. However, small stones or early-stage bladder stones may not cause noticeable symptoms, making routine veterinary checkups crucial.

A complete urinary blockage, often caused by a stone lodged in the urethra, is a medical emergency that requires immediate veterinary care. Symptoms of a blockage include an inability to urinate, severe pain, and visible distress. If untreated, this condition can lead to bladder rupture or kidney failure within 24-48 hours, so it’s vital to seek urgent help if you suspect a blockage.

Diagnosing Bladder Stones In Dogs

Veterinarians use a combination of palpation, imaging, and lab tests to diagnose bladder stones. X-rays and ultrasounds are common tools for identifying the size, shape, and location of stones, though some stones (like urate) may not appear on standard x-rays. Urine tests can reveal crystals, infection, and pH levels, which help determine the stone type and guide treatment options.

Symptoms of bladder stones often overlap with urinary tract infections or other urinary issues, making an accurate diagnosis critical. A complete veterinary evaluation, including tests to rule out conditions like UTIs or bladder cancer, ensures that your dog receives the most effective treatment plan.

Conventional Treatments For Bladder Stones

Struvite stones are the most responsive to dietary dissolution, which involves modifying your dog’s diet to create a more acidic urinary environment. By reducing urinary pH and limiting dietary magnesium and phosphate, certain diets can help dissolve these stones over 8-12 weeks. However, this approach isn’t suitable for calcium oxalate or other types of stones that don’t dissolve in response to dietary changes.

While effective for some dogs, this method requires patience and frequent monitoring, as your dog may still experience symptoms like urinary discomfort during the process. Regular x-rays or ultrasounds are crucial to track progress and ensure the stones are reducing in size.

For dogs who cannot wait weeks for dietary dissolution, several less invasive procedures are available:

• Ultrasonic Dissolution: High-frequency ultrasound waves break stones into smaller particles, which are then passed naturally or flushed out. While it avoids anesthesia, this option isn’t widely available and may only work on specific stone types.
• Urohydropropulsion: A catheter flushes small stones from the bladder using saline. Though effective for smaller stones, this procedure requires sedation and may not be suitable for larger stones or male dogs due to their narrower urethra.
• Cystoscopic-Guided Removal: A minimally invasive technique using a camera and special tools to remove stones directly. It’s ideal for smaller stones and involves shorter recovery times but does require anesthesia and specialized equipment.

These methods are generally less invasive than surgery but can still carry risks such as incomplete removal or urethral irritation. Costs vary, ranging from $200 to $2,000 depending on the procedure and the clinic.

Surgery is often the fastest and most reliable way to remove bladder stones, especially in emergencies like urinary obstruction. Open Cystotomy involves a larger abdominal incision to access and remove the stones, while Laparoscopic Cystotomy uses a smaller incision and specialized tools for a less invasive approach.

Laparoscopy typically involves less post-operative pain and faster recovery times, but it requires more specialized training and equipment, making it more expensive. Surgery costs range from $800 to $2,000 depending on the complexity and location, but it remains the best option for large stones or immediate relief in life-threatening situations.

Natural Remedies For Bladder Stones And Preventative Care

Natural remedies focus on addressing the underlying causes of bladder stones while promoting long-term urinary health. Feeding a species-appropriate diet low in oxalates and purines can help maintain a balanced urinary pH and reduce stone formation. Supplements like cranberry extract, marshmallow root, and d-mannose support urinary tract health by discouraging crystal formation and soothing bladder irritation.

Hydration is also key for flushing out toxins and minimizing the risk of stones. Providing fresh, filtered water and moist foods can dilute the urine and decrease mineral buildup.

Preventing future stones often requires lifestyle changes, such as avoiding high-oxalate foods like spinach and reducing overly processed pet foods. Incorporating wet or raw food diets can help maintain hydration and reduce the concentration of minerals in the urine.

Regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight also play a role, as obesity can exacerbate bladder stone risk. Monitoring your dog’s urinary habits and scheduling routine vet checkups are essential for catching early signs of recurrence.

Overall, natural remedies are ideal for dogs with mild symptoms or as preventative measures for breeds prone to bladder stones. However, these treatments often take longer than conventional methods, making them less suitable for emergencies.

Consulting a holistic veterinarian ensures a tailored plan that balances natural care with medical expertise. This approach is especially beneficial for dogs with recurring stones or those needing support after a surgical procedure.

What's Right For Your Dog?

Combining the strengths of conventional and holistic veterinary medicine often yields the best results. While conventional methods provide quick relief in emergencies, holistic treatments focus on long-term prevention and overall health. Consulting both types of vets allows you to make informed decisions that align with your dog’s specific needs.

The size, type, and location of the stones significantly influence the best course of action. Smaller, non-obstructive stones may respond well to dietary or natural remedies, while larger or life-threatening stones may necessitate surgical intervention. By evaluating the severity of your dog’s condition, you can choose a treatment plan that prioritizes her comfort and well-being.

FAQ

How do you get rid of bladder stones in dogs? Treating bladder stones in dogs depends on their type; options include dietary changes to dissolve struvite stones, non-surgical methods like urohydropropulsion, or surgery for large bladder stones or urgent cases. Consulting your veterinarian ensures a tailored approach to managing urinary stones effectively.

How can I tell if my dog has bladder stones? Dogs with bladder stones may show clinical signs like urine straining, bloody urine, frequent urination, or discomfort in the abdomen. If you suspect your dog develops bladder stones, a vet can confirm the diagnosis with x-rays or ultrasounds.

How long can a dog last with bladder stones? While small bladder stones may pass without symptoms, large bladder stones or a urinary tract obstruction can become life-threatening without immediate emergency treatment. Monitoring your dog's urine and acting on early warning signs like bladder infections is crucial for timely care.

What food causes bladder stones in dogs? Foods high in oxalates, purines, or excessive minerals can contribute to urinary bladder stones in some dogs. Maintaining a balanced diet and monitoring your dog’s urine pH can help prevent bladder stones and reduce the risk of recurrence.